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Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia, world’s largest archipelago, comprising 17508 islands, is situated in Southeastern Asia between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Indonesia shares its border with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia. It is the 4th most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation of the world. The capital of the nation is Jakarta. Almost 60% of the country is covered by forests.

HISTORY:- The Austronesian people migrated and settled in the islands around 2000 BCE. The 7th century CE saw the rise of the Srivijaya naval kingdom. In 10th century CE, Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram kingdoms were overpowered by the Hindu Majapahit kingdom, which reached to its zenith in the 13th century. The Muslim traders arrived in the island in 13th century and by the end of 15th century the whole archipelago was converted to Islam. First European contact was made when the Portuguese traders reached the archipelago. The Dutch overthrew the Portuguese in 1595 and established Dutch East India Company to control the spice trade. In 1800, after the fall of the Dutch East India Company, the Dutch East Indies was set up as a colony. After the subjugation of Netherlands by Nepoleon in 1811, the British took over the control of the islands only to return them to the Dutch in 1816. In 1922, Indonesia was incorporated in the Dutch kingdom. During The World War II, Japan occupied the islands but after Japan’s surrender, Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945. In 1949, the Dutch recognized the independence of the archipelago after a prolonged armed and political struggle.

GEOGRAPHY:- Indonesian archipelago consists of 17,508 islands situated in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Indonesia is located at 5 00 S, 120 00 E in Southeast Asia. The total land area of the nation is 1,826,440 sq km while internal water sources capture 93,000 sq km. The total coastline of the archipelago is 54,716 km long. The lowest point is Indian Ocean (0 m) and the highest point is Puncak Jaya (5,030 m). Indonesia is mostly consisted of coastal lowlands with mountains in the comparatively larger islands.

CLIMATE:- The climate of Indonesia is mostly tropical. The coastal areas are hot, humid while the highlands are more moderate.

GOVERNMENT:- Indonesia is a republic. The constitution was adopted in 1945. The legal system is based on the Roman-Dutch law. The three branches and their heads of the government are:

Executive branch comprises the President (chief of state, head of government), the Vice President, and the cabinet. The President and the Vice President are elected by direct voting by the citizens on a 5-year term. The cabinet is appointed by the President.

Legislative branch comprises the People\'s Consultative Assembly which consists of the House of Representatives (550 seats), and the House of Regional Representatives (128 seats).

Judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court, and a separate Constitutional Court.

Crescent Moon and Star Party, Democratic Party, Functional Groups Party, Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle, National Awakening Party are some of the major political parties of Indonesia. Suffrage is universal at the age of 17 while married persons are regardless of any age limit.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Vice President Jusuf Kalla

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:- Indonesia is divided into 30 provinces, 2 special regions (Aceh and Yogyakarta) and 1 special capital city district (Jakarta Raya). Five of the provinces have special status of legislative privileges.

These 5 provinces are: Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua.

CULTURE:-Traces of Indian, Arabic, Chinese, Malay, and European cultures are prominent in the Indonesian culture. Indian influence over the Indonesian architecture can be prominently noticed. Badminton and football are the most popular sports in Indonesia. Indonesian cuisine is based on the Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian cuisines.

ECONOMY:- Indonesian stock market has been one of the three best in the world in 2006 and 2007.

GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $845.6 billion; per capita $3,400.

Real growth rate: 6.1%.

Inflation: 6.3%.

Unemployment: 9.7%.

Arable land: 11%.

Agriculture: Rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs.

Labor force: 108 million (2007 est.); agriculture 43.3%, industry 18%, services 38.7% (2004 est.).

Budget:

Revenues: $79.25 billion

Expenditures: $84.85 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt: 34.1% of GDP (2007 est.)

Debt - external: $140.7 billion (31 December 2007)

Industries: Petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism.

Natural resources: Petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver.

Exports: $118.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.): oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber.

Imports: $86.24 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.): machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs.

Major trading partners: Japan, U.S., Singapore, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Malaysia (2006).

Monetary unit: Rupiah

LANGUAGE:- Bahasa Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia, while English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages are also spoken.

CITIES:- The capital Jakarta is the largest city of Indonesia. Other large cities are Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Semarang.

POPULATION:- Among the 17,508 islands, only 6,000 islands are inhabited. The Indonesian population is estimated 234,693,997 with a growth rate of 1.2%.

Density per sq mi: 335

Literacy rate: 90% (2004 est.)

RACE:-

Javanese 40.6%

Sundanese 15%

Madurese 3.3%

Minangkabau 2.7%

Betawi 2.4%

Bugis 2.4%

Banten 2%

Banjar 1.7%

Other or unspecified 29.9% (2000)

RELIGION:-

Muslim 86.1%

Protestant 5.7%

Roman Catholic 3%

Hindu 1.8%

Other or unspecified 3.4% (2000)

HEALTH:-

Birth rate: 19.24 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 31.04 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.46 years

Total fertility rate: 2.34 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 2,400 (2003 est.)

Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2005): 78

UNICEF:- In tsunami affected areas, UNICEF distributed vaccinations, micronutrient supplements, insecticide-treated bed nets and new ambulances, supplied safe drinking water, unified thousands of children with their families. UNICEF set up 21 centres to provide psychosocial support to 20,000 tsunami-stricken children, also helped in re-building schools after tsunami. UNICEF builds 300 new schools along with providing routine immunization programmes. UNICEF trained hundreds of health workers.

TRANSPORTATION:-

Railways: total: 6,458 km (2006).

Highways: total: 368,360 km; paved: 213,649 km; unpaved: 154,711 km (2006 est.). Waterways: 21,579 km; note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2007).

Ports and harbors: Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok.

Airports: 652 (2007).

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